The Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in 1206, expanded across the 13th and 14th centuries to become the largest contiguous land empire in human history. Utilizing disciplined cavalry tactics, sophisticated psychological warfare, and meritocratic organization, the Mongols conquered vast territories stretching from the Sea of Japan and the Pacific coast through China, Central Asia, and the Middle East all the way into Eastern Europe. At its height under rulers like Kublai Khan, the empire oversaw the Pax Mongolica—an era of relative stability that revitalized trans-Eurasian trade routes, particularly the Silk Road, and spurred unprecedented exchanges of commerce, technology, science, and cultural ideas between East and West. Although succession disputes ultimately fractured the realm into four distinct khanates—the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan Dynasty—the empire’s administrative networks, diplomatic connections, and integration of Eurasian trade left an enduring impact on global history.

• Mongolia

• China (including parts of Inner Mongolia, Tibet, and Western China)

• North Korea and South Korea (Goryeo) 

Central Asia

• Kazakhstan

• Uzbekistan

• Kyrgyzstan

• Turkmenistan

• Tajikistan

• Afghanistan 

Middle East & Caucasus

• Iran

• Iraq (including the fall of Baghdad)

• Azerbaijan

• Armenia

• Georgia

• Syria (parts)

• Turkey (Anatolian regions)

South Asia (Partial Invasions & Raids)

• Pakistan (western/northern frontier regions)

• India (northern border raids; never fully conquered) 

Eastern & Central Europe

• Russia (Kievan Rus’ and various principalities)

• Ukraine

• Belarus

• Poland (parts)

• Hungary

• Romania (Wallachia and parts)

• Bulgaria

• Moldova

• Lithuania (parts/raids) 

Southeast Asia (Invasions & Tributary States)

• Myanmar (Burma)

• Vietnam (Đại Việt – invaded and made tributary)

• Laos

• Thailand (northern principalities influenced)

• Cambodia